Preheat your oven to 350°F and grease a 9x13-inch baking dish with butter or nonstick spray.
Heat the olive oil in a skillet over medium-high heat. Add the sausage, breaking it up with a spoon, and cook until browned (about 5 minutes). Transfer the sausage to a bowl using a slotted spoon.
In a large bowl, whisk together the milk, half-and-half, cayenne, eggs, 3/4 teaspoon salt, and 1/2 teaspoon pepper. Add the sausage, spinach, bagels, and 3/4 cup of provolone. Stir to combine, then pour the mixture into the prepared dish.
Scatter the cream cheese cubes over the top, then sprinkle everything bagel seasoning and the remaining provolone evenly across the surface.
Cover with foil and bake for 45 minutes. Remove the foil and bake for an additional 45 minutes until the casserole is puffed and golden around the edges.
Let cool for 15 minutes before serving. Enjoy!